miércoles, 29 de mayo de 2013

ENTRY NUMBER 8: Argentine immigration: Tradition of better conditions

Peer assessment: Xoana Torrecillas; Ana Lia Alonso

Argentine immigration: tradition of better conditions


       Argentina in particular has a long tradition of immigration as a better place to live, because it has given better conditions and guarantees than those offered by native ones. As an example of this, the european migration, in the70´s, was produced by general economic prosperity, public education and a liberal legal framework.  There are also other variables that exert an important influence on decisions to migrate, including war, ethnic discrimination and political persecution at home. In addition, choice of country of destination is also often influenced by the existence of a network of family and friends who have migrated previously to a specific country. More recently, our laws grant Mercosur citizens an automatic visa and the freeom to work and live within the space, including numerous importat changes as well, giving migants universal access to education and health care.In coclusion, Argentine is for a great part of the world, a better place to live, according to the possibilities given to everyone who wants to live hereand it is proved by its tradition on inmigration.
  




Sources:

Argentina: resettling refugees within the (online) from-.
www.fmreview.org/young-and-out-of-place/cavaleri.html

 

Globalization, history and international migration: A view (online) from:

andressolimano.com/articles/global/MIGRATION%20LAC%20ILO.pdf

Migration Information Source - Argentina's (online) from:

www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=146

Inmigratin in Argentina- Images (online). From: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=inmigration in ArgentineFORM=HDRSC2#

If my computer worked well, I wilould put the comentaries in the right way. Till then, I am going to put it here..



Comentary from Xoana to my paragraph
  1. Xoana Torrecillas31 de mayo de 2013 06:16
Firstly, I have to admit that it was very difficult for me to correct your paragraph. I think there are a clear topic sentence as well as a controlling idea, “Argentina is the better place to live”, and “It gives better conditions and guarantees than others countries.” On the other hand, I think there is lot of information and I got lost because of it. For example, you mixed the controlling idea, that is, the list of the “better conditions and guarantees which are provided by Argentina” with the general causes of immigration. That is why, in my opinion, your paragraph would be clearer if you avoid this particular extract: “There are also other variables that exert an important influence on decisions to migrate, including war, ethnic discrimination and political persecution at home. In addition, choice of country of destination is also often influenced by the existence of a network of family and friends who have migrated previously to a specific country.” I believe that this extract refers to the causes of immigration and not to the “better conditions and guarantees” which are provided by Argentina; it was what made me confuse and re-read the paragraph many times to understand it.
I really hope you understand what I said before, because it is difficult to explain what I mean, even in Spanish!!! ;)


My conclusion about Xoana´s comentary


First, I desire to say that it is strange how we can understand our mistakes, when they are discovered by our mates and, at the same time, that it is easier for me to se mistakes in my mate´s paragraph rather than in mine. In addition, it is clearly useful this kind of correction; so now I am going to write my improved group of words, thanks to Xoana.

        Improved paragraph


Argentina in particular has a long tradition of immigration as a better place to live, because it has given better conditions and guarantees than those offered by native countries. As an example of this, the european migration, in the70´s, was produced by general economic prosperity, public education and a liberal legal framework. What is more, they were escaping  from war, ethnic discrimination and political persecution, that is why our country represented a paradise for them. More recently, our laws grant Mercosur citizens an automatic visa and the freedom to work and live within the space, including numerous importat changes as well, giving migants universal access to education and health care. In coclusion, Argentine is for a great part of the world, a better place to live, according to the possibilities given to everyone who wants to live here ,and it is proved by its tradition on inmigration.

  

ENTRY NUMBER 7: Roses Need Some Care to Grow Strong and Beauty

Work group: Xoana Torrecillas; Ana Lia Alonso

Roses Need Some Care to Grow Strong and Beautiful

         Roses need some care to grow properly as well as to become marvelous flowers with sweet smell,  and as a rose grower it is essential for you to be familiar with the ways of caring for them. To start with, in rose growing as in growing everything else, one has to begin at the soil, for it is the soil that nourishes the roots, the roots that feed the leaves, the leaves that support the blossoms. So, check your garden and determine the ideal spot to plant it with the require amount of light every day. Then, when it comes to watering them, always make sure you do not get water on the leaves, since wet leaves can lead to fungal infections. Next, feed these sweet smelling flowers properly with the correct food, because they need food to grow strong and beautiful. What is more, take your flowering plants safe from bugs, by either using rose food that has insecticide in them. Finally, if your plants have their leaves black,  them it is time to change them to another place of your garden.  In conclusion, knowing how to take care of roses, you can obtain beautiful and healthy flowers.
 




                         


Sources:

   How to Take Care of Rose - Methods to (online) from:
onlinegardenertips.com/flower-gardening/rose/How-To-Take-Care-Of-rose-html

How to take care of roses(youtube).From:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe2F-p5FskbQ

 Growing Roses for begginers: How to take care (online) from:
www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/starting-a-rose-garden-htlm.


The ability to take care of plants, particularly, roses, depends on many points; here are some suggestions to triumph in doing so. To start with, in rose growing as in growing everything else, one has to begin at the soil, for it is the soil that nourishes the roots, the roots that feed the leaves, the leaves that support the blossoms. So, check your garden and determine the ideal spot to plant it with the require amount of light every day. When it comes to watering them, always make sure you do not get water on the leaves, since wet leaves can lead to fungal infections. Next, feed these sweet smelling flowers properly with the correct food, because they need food to grow strong and beautiful. In addition, take your flowering plants safe from bugs, by either using rose food that has insecticide in them. Clearly, if we take into account all these advices, our flora will grow successfully.

As I could not make the comentary in the correct place, I am going to do it here.

Metacognitive Analysis

In the parts of my paragraph I have changed with Xoana, there are some coincidences as well as some differences; through this analysis I want to discover what of them makes the consign  higher in  quality.Firstly, the sense of both introductions is the same, but Xoana used more formal words. Although she wrote a  shorter sentence , it is more clear and specific. With respect to the conclusion, the one as well as the other are corret, but she used  more synonyms than me. In accordance with the parts required, not only mine but also hers, contain all the items expected. In conclusion, in spite there are more similarities than differences, Xoana,s group of words are clearly better, and using them my paragraph became better.

lunes, 27 de mayo de 2013

Structured paragraph WritingENTRY NUMBER 6

STRUCTURED PARAGRAPH WRITING

Parts of a paragraph: English Academic Writing: Most important issues discussed in this video:

1   TOPIC SENTENCE: Here, we have to make clear what our subject is, what we are going to write about.

BODY: Here, we have to support our topic by providing details and arguments about it. We can order them chronologically (firstly, secondly, finally), or we can order them according to their importance.

CLOSING SENTENCE: It has 2 function
  Remind our audience what we are talking about
  Restate the topic but in a different way, by adding something. The aim is to keep people thinking about the topic.



Academic Writing: Most important issues discussed in this video:
Structure of a paragraph:
·         The style: in Academic Writing is formal.
·         The correct punctuation.
·         Paragraphing: expresses organized thoughts( the most important one)
.

What is a paragraph?
·         A distinct section in a piece of writing.
·         A number of related sentences.
·         Only one idea (the most important one).

Elements of the Paragraph:
·         Unit: is a distinct of writing easy to identify.
·         Coherence: must be focused on one main idea, supported by examples or  evidence.
·         Development: the paragraph must be well organized, must be coherent.

Qualities of a successful paragraph:
·         Unity: all the sentences must be focused in the main idea.
·         Coherence: each sentence must be related to the other.
·         Development: the main idea is supported by enough details and examples to make it valid.

Unity
·         Start a paragraph with a topic sentence.
·         Topic sentence: main idea, contains a topic and a controlling idea.
·         Controlling idea: comment about the topic sentence.
·         Other possibilities, wh questions: who, what, where, when, why, how.
Coherence:
·         Create logical bridges from one sentence to another.
·         Use of key words.
·         Use of synonyms.
·         Use of pronouns.
·         Use of transition words.
.
Development: Provides details and evidence to support the topic. Illustrates the point  with examples, to convince the reader that  your writing is valid.
TEE rules:
T: topic, the most powerful sentence.
E: explains why this is the powerful sentence.
E: examples, evidence.
Introductory paragraph (most important paragraph)
·         State main argument.
·         How you intend to answer the question.

Concluding paragraph ( next most important one)
·         Summarize the main points in few sentences
·         State main conclusion..
·         Must satisfy the reader (has the question been answered?).
DO NOT
·         Introduce new material.
·         End with a generalization.
·         End with a quotation.
DO: let your opinion let through.

Sources: 
AlexESLvid, Parts of a Paragraph - English Academic Writing Introduction. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=cCuExRE6N-4#! Retrieved: May 27, 2013
Massey University, Writing Structured Paragraphs. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=w183qB0KDFg Retrieved: May 27, 2013

 

Members of the group: 
Alonso, Ana Lia
Torrecillas, Xoana Soledad
ISFD N°41

viernes, 24 de mayo de 2013

MY FIFTH ENTRY: An Interesting Woman

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

I had never heard about Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie till this moment, and I have to admit that it caused me a great surprise. In other words, I really felt amazing of her experience of life .
.







Not only the video about the danger of a single story, but also her words at te Commonwealth are a demonstration of a sensitive woman, who warns us about the danger of hearing only one story about one person or country. She uses her experience of life to make us understand that stereotypes are a wrong way to know a culture.






 She was born in Nigeria in 1977. She wrote three novels: Purple Hibiscus(2003),Half of a Yellow Sun(2006), and Americanah (2013)


















If you want to know more about her, these directions can help you.





Her blog: http://chimamanda.com/blog
Her website: http://www.13.ulg.ac.be/adichie
Her facebook: es-la.facebook.com/chimamandaadichie
  .Her twitter: http://www.lecturalia.com/aurtor/1794/chimamanda




She should be proud of her production, since she has been translated into 30 languages and as if it was not enough, her novels won The Commonwealth Writer´s Prize and The Orange Prize among others.















 I desire you know some of her quotes:

"There are some things that are also unforgivable that they make other things forgivable",

"I think you travel to search and you come back home to find yourself there",

"The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not only that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete and they mak e one story to become the only story".


There are some covers of her books:







It is also very interesting her conference about the Afican women and marriage, where she affirms that the african woman is more than merely an object but an individual with her own desires. She also says , among other things,that she wants that people would be undefeatable in school, at work and in marriage.













Her videos:

I have chosen a video in which she talks with Jon Snou about her book Americanah. She says that she likes many things of America, but she feels it is not hers Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8LtRi2I8c




In this second video, she talks of the authentic African stories, not about love but poverty and humanity. She also explains that fiction can give people dignity, since it is the way you can know them . Then she gives a resume about what has she felt about the opinion of other authors .




My paragraph, by examlpes: the danger of an only story


      Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie warns us about the danger of hearing only one story of a person or country, which creates a wrong idea of a culture. For example, her roommate had a single story of catastrophe about African people, that is why the possibility of seeing them as equals, was an utopia for her. In addition, when she visited Mexico where immigration became synonymous with Mexicans and she had heard an only story of Mexican people, she saw them as men and women who were fleecing the healthcare system, sneaking across the border, being arrested at it. Other evidence about this is the certain belief that if people start the story with the arrows of the Native Americans, and not with the arrival of the British, they will have an entirely different story. As it was not enough, her professor at university told Chimamanda, that her characters were too much like him, an educated and middle-class man, as a clear evidence of his unknowing of African people. In conclusion, a single story gives us an only point of view, emphasizing how we are different rather than how we are similar, because showing  people as one thing ,  over and over again, make them become only one thing.
,

My second paragraph, by listing: Lecture at the Commonwealth

      In her lecture at the Commonwealth, Chimamanda  argues the case for a realist literature that highlights the true nature of reality, to finish with the idea of superior and inferior races beyond the facts of  Western history. First, Adichie says that the truths of life can only be told through human stories. Then, she explains that, in a century in which global mass communications has given us access to more information, it has not led to an increased understanding among cultures, since nobody wants to know about an essential thing: human desires. In addition, he affirms that although we must know dead and the dying, it is important to know how people live, to respect their dignity, to make Western governments understand that all humans are equal. In conclusion, in this conference she wants to transmit us the importance of telling genuine stories in spite and contrary to the western images and attitude towards the African continent.

Last entry: paragraps afte Stella´s correction:

 

                                                             ISFD N° 41

Subject: Paragraphs acording to APA style:                                                  Date:  31, April,2013
Teacher: Saubidet, Stella
                                           My First Paragraphby Example: The Danger of an Only Story
The danger of taking o in account only one story of a person or country, is present in Chimimanda´s conference.For example, her roommate in the University, had a single story of fatalities about African people, that is why, the possibility of seeing them as equals, was totally In additon, when the writer visited México, where immigration was synonymous of native people and she had an unique version,she saw them as men and women who inflicted the law, escaping through the border as well as being arrested most of the time. Other evidence of this, is her belief that if people had started the story from the point of view of the Native Americans, in disaccordance with the version of the British, all of us would have had an entirely different thought about them. As it was not enough, the woman´s professor at the Univesity, told her that her characters were too much like him, an educated middle-class man, as a clear evidence of misunderstanding of African people.This interestnig as well as special woman, demonstrates that a single story gives us an only knowledge of a group, a culture or a storyc event, emphasizing the differences among people rather than looking at them as equals.

My Second Paragraph by Listing: Lecture at the Commonwealth.

For Chimamanda, realistic literature highlits the true nature of reality, since it can only be told through  humman stories. First, she clearly explaines that, although we are living in a century of global mass comunicaton, in which we have access to more information, it had no led to an increased understanding among cultures, since nobody wants to know about an essential thing: Human Desires. In addition, he affirms that ni spite of the fact that we must know about dead and the dying, it is more important to see how they live, to respect their dignity, to make Western governments recognize, that humans around the world,  are equals. In this conference, she makes it clear that it is essential to tell genuine stories and reality, against the Western Authorities attitude towards the the African people.


Sources:
Gradesaver,Biography  ofChimamanda NgoziAdichie(online),from:http://www.gradesaver.com/author/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/. Retrieved: May 15, 2013


Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Commonwealth lecture 2012(youtube) from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=vmsYJDP8g2U. Retrieved: May 15, 2013

In conversation  with  Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (online)from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8LtRi2I8c
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie,African Voices ( online ) from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1wmLeNa6TY

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Quotes (on line )from:www/.goodreads.com/author/quotes./11291.chimamanda ngoziadichie










miércoles, 8 de mayo de 2013

PART OF MY FIRST WRITING: Process of Writing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1O_78nEP9TiGIHHFJ0VNJgdjb40WWx4ZN0AQLz_g8SpU/edit MY FIRST

PART OF MY FIRST ENTRY: My First Experience as a Writer

It is said that writing is a process, that has to be absorbed by our mind. Obviously, my mind has not absorbed enough informatrion yet. In accordance with my experience about this first writing, I have to admit that I firstly felt preocupied, anxiuos and frightened at the same time. that was not only because of the three hundred words required, but also because I really desire to do an acceptable product. As you have told us, I started to write and write without any sense nor order. When I returned home and read it again, I felt ashamed , it was horrible as you have told us.
Fortunately, after having read all the material of Academic Writing, I believe that I have improved my writing a lot. It is my desire that I could have succeeded in this porpose.
 I am waiting for your opinion about it, but I am sure about something, I have learnt a lot.



 Firstly I felt like this Now I am more confident about my writing

domingo, 5 de mayo de 2013

MY FOURTH ENTRY: APA Document Format



 
APA Document Format

L. Lennie Irvin says, that a critical essay is put into an Academic Essay format such as the MLA or APA document format. Through this work, I am going to make a summary of the APA document. To organize my presentation, I think that it is escential to define first what APA style is, to give then the main characteristics of this document format style.
 APA style was originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropo
rules that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.

General APA guidelines
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
Include a page header  (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should look like this:
Running head: Title of your paper
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:

Title of your paper
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.
Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.
You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases


The Main Body

For something like an essay, the main body of your paper will include the actual essay itself. If you are writing a lab report, then your main body will be broken down into further sections. The four main components of a lab report include an introduction, method, results, and discussion sections.

Reference List

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
  • Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
  • Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
  • Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
  • Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.
  • Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
  • Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.

Resources
Individual Resources
Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.
Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource 
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010,         May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01



Examples:

Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers

References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.
Journal article, one author, accessed online
Ku G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment.      Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002

Journal article, two authors, accessed online
Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286

Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online
Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182

Article from an Internet-only journal
Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle

Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI)
Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com

Magazine article, in print
Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.

Newspaper article, no author, in print
As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.

Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print
Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.

Books

References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
No Author or editor, in print
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.

One author, in print
Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.

Two authors, in print
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710006989... $File/13016_2000.pdf

Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Dissertations

References for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.

Dissertation, accessed online
Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)

Essays or chapters in edited books

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
One author
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Two editors
Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia

References for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.

Encyclopedia set or dictionary
Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.

Article from an online encyclopedia
Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://search.eb.com

Encyclopedia article
Kinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Research reports and papers

References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.

Government report, accessed online
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdf

Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed online
Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.pdf

Technical and/or research reports, accessed online
Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

Document available on university program or department site
Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site: http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/

Audio-visual media

References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.
Videocassette/DVD
Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.

Audio recording
Nhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.

Motion picture
Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

Television broadcast
Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.

Television show from a series
Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers), Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..

Music recording
Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.

Undated Web site content, blogs, and data

For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.

Blog entry
Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted to http://www.techcrunch.com

Professional Web site
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

Data set from a database
Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.
Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.

Entire Web site
When citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.
Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology (http://www.witchcraft.psmedia.com/).





Source
 APACitationStyleGuide-LandMark.College[on line] from:http://www.landmark.edu/library/citation-guides/landmark-college-citation-guides/apa-citation-style-guide/ 

 APA Reference Style 6th edition 2010 [on line] from:http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/style_apa.htm

 PurdueOWL.APAFormattingandStyleGuide[online]from:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/